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Obadiah was written by the prophet Obadiah, whose name means 'servant of the LORD.' Nothing else is known about his identity. The book is typically dated to either the mid-9th century BC (after Edom's alliance against Judah) or shortly after 586 BC (after Edom's participation in Jerusalem's destruction). The latter date is more widely held.

Obadiah is the shortest book in the Old Testament with just 1 chapter containing 21 verses. Despite its brevity, it delivers a complete prophetic message: judgment against Edom for its pride and betrayal of Israel, and the ultimate triumph of God's kingdom on Mount Zion.

The main theme of Obadiah is divine judgment against Edom for its pride and hostility toward Israel. The Edomites, descendants of Esau (Jacob's brother), gloated over Jerusalem's fall and participated in its destruction. Obadiah declares that those who harm God's people will face God's justice: 'As you have done, it will be done to you' (verse 15).

Key teachings include: Edom's false sense of security in its mountain fortresses — 'The pride of your heart has deceived you' (verse 3), the catalog of Edom's sins against Judah during the fall of Jerusalem (verses 10-14), the principle of divine retribution — judgment corresponds to the crime (verse 15), and the promise that 'the kingdom will be the LORD's' (verse 21).

Obadiah demonstrates God's commitment to justice on behalf of His people and His sovereignty over all nations. The Edom-Israel conflict, rooted in the Jacob-Esau rivalry (Genesis 25-27), represents the broader biblical theme of opposition to God's chosen people. Obadiah's vision of God's ultimate kingdom connects to the broader prophetic hope fulfilled in Christ's reign.