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Augustus, also known as Caesar, was the Roman emperor during the time of Jesus' birth and early life (Luk.2.1; 3:1; Act.25.21, 25; 27:1).
Caesar Augustus (Gaius Octavius, later Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) was the first Roman emperor, ruling from 27 BC to 14 AD. Luke records that a decree from Augustus requiring a universal census prompted Joseph and Mary to travel to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born (Luke 2:1). Though Augustus was himself unaware of the theological significance of his administrative decree, Luke presents it as the providential mechanism by which Micah 5:2's prophecy of the Messiah's Bethlehem birth was fulfilled. Augustus's Pax Romana—the relative peace and road network of his reign—also created the conditions that facilitated the rapid spread of the gospel in the following generation.