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The physical sign of God's covenant with Abraham, performed on every male child on the eighth day (Genesis 17:10-14). Circumcision marked belonging to the covenant people and was prerequisite for participation in Passover (Exodus 12:48). The prophets spoke of 'circumcision of the heart' — inner devotion beyond the outward sign (Deuteronomy 10:16, Jeremiah 4:4). A major debate in the early church resolved that Gentile believers did not need circumcision for salvation (Acts 15, Galatians 5:6). Paul wrote, 'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision means anything; what counts is the new creation' (Galatians 6:15).